Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The threat of invasion was Elizabeth's main problem when she became Explain why France was such a threat to Elizabeth when she - Brainly Born: 7 September 1533. LS23 6AD his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Use your outline You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. She was a Protestant. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. - Leith blockade. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. 2) This war was not a success. The Problems Facing Elizabeth in 1558 - Coggle They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. to answer the Section Focus Question: "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Foreign Affairs. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Company Reg no: 04489574. 14-16 / The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. LS23 6AD Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Boston House, When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Elizabeth I: a biography. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Boston House, Boston House, The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Tudor Brief Essay Plans Flashcards | Quizlet Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! - send 2000 to rebels. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Save. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. 2. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Why was France a threat? Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Company Reg no: 04489574. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio The attack was a success. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Henry himself gave people cause . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. VAT reg no 816865400. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Elizabeth mock: "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main - Quizlet Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Manage Settings In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site Apply for student finance without a bank account? This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Copy. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. In 1485 - 1603 To What Extent Was The Government Of England - Phdessay Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Dedicated to. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Edward VI - Wikipedia Elizabeth I: Facts About The 'Virgin Queen', Daughter Of Anne Boleyn Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Best Answer. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject.
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